Florence Mabel Harding (née Kling; August 15, 1860 – November 21, 1924) was the first lady of the United States from 1921 until her husband's death in 1923 as the wife of President Warren G. Harding.
In 1880, Florence married Henry De Wolfe and they had a son,
Marshall. After divorcing DeWolfe in 1886, she married Harding who was five
years younger than she, in 1891. Harding was then a newspaper publisher in
Marion, Ohio, and she became the acknowledged brains behind the business. Known
as The Duchess, Florence Harding adapted well to the White House, where she
gave notably elegant parties.
Early life
She was born Florence Mabel Kling above her father's
hardware store at 126 South Main Street in Marion, Ohio, on August 15, 1860.
Florence was the eldest of three children of Amos Kling, a prominent Marion
accountant and businessman of German descent, and Louisa Bouton Kling, whose
French Huguenot ancestors had fled religious persecution. Her younger brothers
were Clifford, born in 1861, and Vetallis, born in 1864. Florence attended
school at Union School beginning in 1866 and studied the classics. Her father
prospered as a banker and was a stockholder in the Columbus & Toledo
Railroad, President of the Agricultural Society, and member of the school
board. Florence developed a passion for horses early in life and participated
in several horse races. Her father trained her in several business skills such
as banking, real estate, and farm management.
Aiming to become a concert pianist, Florence began studies
at the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music after graduating from high school in
1878. As she recalled, she spent seven hours per day on the piano for three
years, once playing until her finger bled. On return trips to Marion, Florence
often clashed with her father, who would whip her with a cherry switch. At the
age of 19 she eloped with Henry Atherton ("Pete")
De Wolfe (4 May 1859, Marion – 8 March 1894, Marion) and they were married in
Columbus, Ohio, on January 22, 1880. A record of the issuance of their marriage
license was printed in The Marion Star. Florence gave birth to her only child,
Marshall Eugene, on September 22, 1880. Her husband worked in a warehouse but
alcoholism led him to abandon the family on December 31, 1882. Florence moved
in with her friend Carrie Wallace while her mother Louisa financially supported
the mother and child. Florence became a piano teacher to provide extra income
and enjoyed skating at night. Her estranged husband had attempted to rob a
train in 1885, and the pair was divorced in 1886.
Eventually, Amos Kling offered to adopt Marshall but would
not provide for his daughter. As a result, Marshall adopted the Kling surname
despite not being legally adopted. This freed Florence for other romantic
flings, and she soon met Warren Gamaliel Harding, owner of the Marion Star. He
was five years younger than she was, and his sister Charity was a student of
Florence's. Soon the Marion Star reported on Florence's trips to Yellowstone
National Park with her mother and Warren Harding. Harding and Florence became a
couple by the summer of 1886. Who was pursuing whom is uncertain, depending on
who later told the story of their romance.
Marriage to Harding
In 1890, Florence became engaged to Warren Harding. They
married on July 8, 1891, opposed by her father, who thought Warren Harding was
using her to climb the social ladder and had a wealthier suitor in mind for his
daughter. He repeated a rumor that Harding had Black ancestry and threatened to
shoot the young man at the courthouse. After the wedding, which Florence's
mother secretly attended, the couple embarked on a honeymoon tour of Chicago,
St. Paul, Yellowstone, and the Great Lakes. The new Mrs. Harding made the
unconventional decision not to wear a wedding ring. Warren referred to her as "the boss", while she affectionately
called him "Sonny."
Newspaper leadership
They had no children of their own, but Florence's son
Marshall lived with them intermittently and received encouragement from Warren
to work in journalism. When her husband entered the Battle Creek Sanitarium for
depression in January 1894, Florence became the informal business manager of the
Marion Star although she never had any official role, immediately demonstrating
both the talent and the character to run a newspaper. She organized a
circulation department, improved distribution, trained the newsboys, and
purchased equipment at keen prices. Her newsboys became known as "Mrs. Harding's boys" throughout
the town, and she alternatively gave out awards for achievement and doled out
physical punishment. Some Marion children began to fear Florence for paddling
the boys in the street. One of the newsboys, Norman Thomas, later the Socialist
presidential candidate, declared that Warren was the front-man, but Florence
was the real driving power of the Marion Star.
Warren returned to work on the Star in December 1894 though
Florence continued to nurse him at home. After the Spanish–American War broke
out in 1898, Florence was instrumental in developing the first wire report.
Although she never wrote any articles, she did suggest stories based on leads
she had, particularly stories to appeal to women. She hired the first woman
reporter in Ohio, Jane Dixon, and supported her when there was a backlash from
the people of Marion. Through Florence's leadership, the Star prospered and
increased its revenue. She also knew about the machinery of the newspaper plant
and how to fix it. Though Warren was not particularly supportive of women's
rights at the time, belittling rallies for temperance, he greatly appreciated
his wife's help at the office and respected her frank opinions. Florence wrote
of her husband, "he does well when
he listens to me and poorly when he does not."
Florence encouraged her husband in his first political run
for the state senate in 1899. She managed the finances and fended off
unsurprising objections from her father, who enlisted Mark Hanna for help,
though Warren was ultimately elected. Florence observed the legislature from
the balcony and frequently made trips to newspaper offices to win her husband's
good coverage and observe their operations. She also began her custom of
consulting with an astrologer during this first stint in Columbus. Encouraging
her husband to be pragmatic and not to alienate anyone, he was reelected in
1901. In 1903, he was elected lieutenant governor. Journalist Mark Sullivan
wrote of Florence, "As a wife, she
had that particular kind of eagerness to make good which, in a personality that
is at once superficial and unsure of itself, sometimes manifests itself in too
strenuous activity, a too steady staying on the job."
1905 kidney ailment
and emergency surgery
In February 1905, Florence needed emergency surgery for
nephroptosis ('floating kidney') and
was initially treated by a homoeopathic doctor Charles E. Sawyer. His close
links with the Harding family, and Florence's total trust and dependence on
him, would later prove controversial. Sawyer referred Florence to Dr. Jamez
Fairchild Baldwin, who "wired"
the kidney in place and did not remove it due to heart damage that she had
already suffered. Confined to a hospital bed for weeks, Florence later stated
this experience made her more empathetic for hospital patients.
Husband's adultery,
Florence's view of women's rights
During her convalescence, Warren began an affair with a
close friend of hers, Carrie Phillips, who had recently lost a child. Florence
did not find out until she intercepted a letter between the two in 1911, which
led her to consider divorce, though she never pursued it. Apparently, she
considered herself too invested in her husband's career to leave him, though her
discovery of the affair did not end it. It was one of several adulterous
escapades that Warren embarked upon, of which Florence found herself
increasingly resigned though she expressed her disapproval. She tried to
discourage the affairs by sticking by her husband's side at all times. Florence
never spoke to Carrie Phillips again, and only acknowledged her in bitter
attacks.
Warren and Florence left for a trip to Europe in August
1911. During her stay in England, Florence began to sympathize with women
leading protests and became an ardent suffragette. When she returned to
America, she went to a rally for women's right to vote in Columbus. Despite her
feelings on the matter, Florence remained silent on women's suffrage during the
1912 election. She continued to be treated by Dr. Sawyer at his new White Oaks
Sanitarium for various ailments and deepened her study of astrology. Florence
also gave her husband advice on his political chances, discouraging a run for
governor in 1912. Instead, she had her sights set on Washington, D.C., and
Warren broadened his national reputation by very publicly supporting William
Howard Taft at the Republican convention. After Taft was defeated by Woodrow
Wilson in the election, Warren sought solace by writing poetry to Carrie
Phillips.
Inheritance, further
health problems, Warren's election as Senator
On October 20, 1913, Florence's father passed away. Despite
their strained relationship, his daughter received $35,000 and valuable real
estate in the will. Florence had her own health problems, suffering a serious
kidney attack in the winter of 1913 and went to live at the White Oaks
Sanitarium. Dr. Sawyer feared that Florence would not survive the year, but his
patient managed to recover. In spite of her ill health, she encouraged her
husband to run for Senate in 1914 and resolved to be part of the campaign. She
limited her role to advisory management and persuaded her husband to ignore
pressures to have anti-Catholic remarks against the Democratic opponent,
Timothy Hogan. With her assistance, Warren won the Senate election by 102,000
votes.
Death of son,
depression, animal rights
Florence's son Marshall died on January 1, 1915, of
tuberculosis. She made a trip to Colorado later in the year to pay his debts
and ended up becoming friends with some of his associates and wife Esther.
Along with her husband, she travelled to California and Hawaii before settling
into life in Washington, D.C. as the wife of a senator. After returning from
Marion, Florence decided to rent a house in the Kalorama neighborhood of D.C.
In January 1916, Florence suffered from heart palpitations, and she called Dr.
Sawyer to help with her mental health. To cope with a growing depression, she
helped furnish the new house and hired staff for assistance. Florence helped
her husband with his correspondence and invited press attention. Despite her
stand on suffrage, she could not persuade Warren in 1916 to make up his mind,
as he preferred partisan leadership.
Florence became active in animal rights and joined the
Animal Rescue League, Humane Society, and ASPCA. She spoke out against animal
cruelty and gave freely of its literature to friends. In a brief autobiography
in 1916, she mentioned her fondness for horses and concern about their abuse.
Florence did not like automobiles, but relented when making frequent trips back
to Marion. In Washington D.C., Florence struck up a fast and lasting friendship
with the mining heiress and socialite Evalyn Walsh McLean, frequently playing
bridge and visiting movie theaters. As a result, Warren wrote to Dr. Sawyer in
April 1917, "Mrs. Harding is well
and looking better than she has for three or four years.”
World War I
After the U.S. entered World War I, Florence occupied
herself in working toward a victory. She helped Ohio women who moved to
Washington, D.C. for jobs find housing, and helped Lou Hoover set up dining and
recreation spaces for the female workers. Florence frequently visited nurseries
and daycare centers to assist mothers who had to work during the day. Alongside
other political spouses, she handed out tin cups of coffee and sandwiches to
soldiers departing from Union Station. Florence also volunteered at the Walter
Reed Hospital, and found a sense of satisfaction in this work missing from her
heretofore existence. She worked with other Senate wives to create a Red Cross
Unit and produce clothing for soldiers on the battlefield. In order to better
monitor the events on the front, Florence avidly read several newspapers and
learned the pronunciation of foreign towns and locations.
Warren continued his affair with Carrie Phillips, alongside
other women like the young Nan Britton, despite the suspicion that Phillips was
a German spy. This proved to be untrue, though she did have sympathies with the
German cause. Florence found out about this fact, perhaps being told by her
husband, and reacted with rage. During the summer of 1918, while greeting
soldiers leaving from the Marion train station, Florence spotted Phillips
complaining about the futility of sending men to fight. Florence approached her
and got into a heated argument, publicly rebuking her in front of many
onlookers. Despite this public display of his wife's temper, Warren soon after
sent Carrie love letters proclaiming his devotion, albeit with the caveat that
a divorce from Florence was not feasible.
In November 1918, Florence's kidney swelled to ten times its
regular size. This was perhaps her worst attack since 1905 and left her
bedridden for weeks. She was treated by Dr. Sawyer's son Carl, who had been
stationed at Camp Meade (now Fort Meade). Warren stayed at her side until it
was clear she was feeling better. By March 1919 Florence had recovered enough
to attend events at Evalyn's house while her husband golfed. Florence was in
attendance at the Senate on July 10 when President Wilson requested America
join the League of Nations, an idea she opposed. During the summer, her husband
began to be mentioned as a potential presidential candidate, which Florence was
initially not happy with since she thought he didn't have enough of a national
reputation.
Warren Harding's
election as president
By 1920, Warren was a contender for the Republican
presidential nomination, though not a front-runner. Florence gave him tentative
support, apparently influenced by a Washington clairvoyant 'Madame Marcia' Champrey, who correctly forecast that Warren would
become president, but added that he would die in office. Florence took a more
active role at the Republican convention than most candidates’ wives and
curried favor with journalists, who liked to record her often colorful remarks.
She lobbied delegates to consider her husband after the convention became
deadlocked, and he eventually became the nominee. Warren largely conducted a
front porch campaign, and Florence had control of whom her husband met inside
the house. She was very precise with her appointments for her husband and
telephoned campaign managers if he was late. She set off a waffle craze after
The New York Times reported her eating a waffle at breakfast, and guests asked
to be served it during their visit. The election was overshadowed by attempted
extortion by Carrie Phillips, threatening to reveal Warren's adultery. However,
Florence's newspaper experience gave her an advantage over other candidates' wives;
as Henry DeWolfe was dead, she was able to deflect press inquiries about her
first marriage by implying that she had been widowed. In addition, she
instructed the campaign not to respond to allegations of Warren's partial black
ancestry. Florence also earned the approval of ex-President Taft.
On election night, Warren received 404 electoral votes,
defeating Democratic challenger James M. Cox who received 127. In the
celebration, a mob of supporters lifted Florence on their shoulders. She seemed
not particularly enthusiastic about the prospect of becoming the first lady,
telling a friend "I don't feel any
too confident, I can tell you. I haven't any doubt about him, but I'm not so
sure of myself." Following the election, departing First Lady Edith
Wilson invited Florence to the White House for a tour of her future home.
Florence accepted, provided her friend Evalyn, who was previously very critical
of the Wilsons, was invited as well. After a disagreement over tea, Edith had
her housekeeper give the tour.[
First Lady
Style and political
influence
On March 4, 1921, Florence Harding became first lady,
immediately taking an active role in national politics, at times even appearing
to dominate the President. She had a strong influence on the selection of
cabinet members, in particular favoring Charles R. Forbes as director of the
Veterans Bureau and Andrew Mellon as treasury secretary. She approved of the
selection of Charles Evans Hughes as secretary of state though privately
thought Elihu Root would be a better pick. At the inauguration, observers
believed that she was prompting her husband with a speech she had written, as
there were several references to women's new role in American political life.
Florence ensured that everyone who worked for the campaign in Marion was
invited to the inauguration, and asked a woman that fainted in the crowds be
helped. Secret service agent Harry L. Barker was assigned to protect Florence,
making her the first First lady to have her own agent. The two developed a
close, trusting partnership with each other.
After Warren addressed the Senate, Florence asked her
husband, "Well, Warren Harding, I
have got you the Presidency. What are you going to do with it?" He
replied, "May God help me, for I need
it." In Warren's first pronouncement as president, he ordered that the
gates of the White House be opened to the public as per Florence's wishes. The
move was praised by the press, with an announcement that tourists could come to
the property in the following week. Florence told a senator that she was aiming
to become the most successful first lady in history. By the time the White
House opened to the public, Florence offered to act as tour guide herself. Many
different groups and individuals came to meet her, ranging from Bill Tilden to
Albert Einstein.
Florence read mail after breakfast and wrote invitations for
social events. She was the first First lady to send original responses to the
many letters received. She would often stand at the south portico to get her
photograph taken with large groups. The New York Tribune praised her as being "far more generous receiving special
groups at the White House than were her predecessors." She obsessed
over her appearance but insisted she hated clothes. By wearing long skirts, she
was somewhat out of style with the new fad being flapper dresses, but Florence
remarked that she had no right to dictate how short the skirts should be. In
addition, she launched new fashions like the silk black neckband, which became
known as "Flossie Clings"
after her maiden name. She carried small bouquets of blue-violet flowers to
complement her blue eyes. Despite her emphasis on fashion, Florence was
economical elsewhere in the White House budget, which was highly praised in the
wake of the 1921 recession.
As a White House hostess, Florence presided over elegant
parties that often had several thousand guests where her husband would refer to
her as The Duchess. These parties were largely a continuation of the front
porch campaign, and she also had dinner parties on the presidential yacht.
Florence relished in her role as White House tour guide, learning about the
history of the property from books and displaying a portrait of Sarah Yorke
Jackson. Despite her growing popularity with the public, high society largely
shunned Florence and favored Second Lady Grace Coolidge, with whom Florence had
an uneasy relationship. The couple's dog Laddie Boy was a hit though, sparking
a craze for Airedale terriers.
Florence became the first First lady since Frances Cleveland
whose face was so recognizable to the public, as she frequently appeared in
newsreel footage alongside Warren unveiling statues, attending baseball games,
and dedicating the Lincoln Memorial. Several flowers were named in her honor,
and the composer David S. Ireland wrote a song called "Flo from Ohio." Due to the popular interest in
psychoanalysis, some psychological profiles were written of her in newspapers.
The First Couple increased their popularity by attending movie screenings and
meeting actors, who were previously seen as vulgar by high society. Al Jolson
was a frequent guest, and Florence gave D.W. Griffith a tour and lunch at the
White House. Florence became the first First lady to appear in movies with her
signature wave to crowds. Evalyn McLean taught her how to operate a camera and
she made some films of women at the Potomac Park Civic Club.
Opposition to
smoking, public support for Prohibition
She became known for her opposition to smoking after a
photographer captured her holding down the arm of Helen Pratt, who was smoking
a cigarette. The Women's Christian Temperance Union urged her to use her
influence to advance the antismoking cause, though she politely declined. On
the subject of drinking, Florence was an outward proponent of maintaining
Prohibition as respect for the law. In private, however, she secretly served
alcohol to guests. The frequent guests and parties took its toll on Florence,
who wrote, "My days are so full I
don't know which way to turn," but added "it's a great life if you don't weaken."
Reliance on Madame
Marcia, investigation of Warren's lovers
Florence worked to protect the image of herself and Warren,
concealing his drinking, womanizing, and corruption in the cabinet. She
insisted on being beside him and once told him to get back to work when he was
golfing. She was concerned as to her husband's personal safety, partially
because of Madame Marcia's prediction of his early demise. Despite the fact
there were no public revelations of her meeting with the psychic since the 1920
campaign, the consultations continued in earnest, and Marcia was even invited
to the White House. Florence relied on astrology to determine Warren's personal
schedule, a fact that became known to many in his inner circle. She also feared
his susceptibility to blackmail since the Carrie Phillips debacle. After
returning from Japan in 1921, Phillips visited Warren at the White House, much
to the chagrin of Florence. Several other women also received money from the
President, and Florence employed Gaston Means to spy on Nan Britton to steal
her love letters.
A trip to Alaska which Florence eagerly anticipated was
planned for the summer of 1921 but had to be postponed in lieu of the work
obligations. Instead, the Hardings took a cruise through New England and
periodical motor trips. Florence developed a thrill for fast driving, nearly
having an accident at fifty miles an hour when her car veered toward a
telephone pole. The Budget Bureau director criticized her for this, which she
simply shrugged off. She was an avid theatergoer, particularly comedies and
musicals. Warren, on the other hand, preferred to watch strippers.
Views
Florence made her views known on everything from the League
of Nations to animal rights, racism, and women's rights. She also moved with
the times: flying in planes, showing after-dinner movies. She was the first First
lady to vote, operate a movie camera, own a radio, or invite movie stars to the
White House. She had a strong concern for immigrant children trapped by
bureaucracy, though criticized "hyphenated
Americans." She was willing to risk criticism when she championed
social issues, and she never lent her name to a cause unless it moved her. Some
of her suggestions were rather radical, including the attempt to cure drug addicts
through a vegetarian diet. Florence supported the victims of the Armenian
genocide and personally funded a child survivor with monthly checks. She was
willing to forgo a meal and donate to the Chinese Famine fund, but was critical
of American support to aid relief of the 1921 Soviet famine, arguing that
Russia should have given up communism before accepting American food and
medicine. Likewise, she did not support relief for Irish families as it could
be seen as anti-British. Florence opposed vivisection in a public letter and
supported the Humane Education Society, though she continued to eat meat.
Florence's own special agenda was the welfare of war veterans, whose cause she
championed wholeheartedly. She referred to them as "our boys". Since World War I had left many men
disfigured and ill, Florence went out of her way to care for the patients at
Walter Reed Hospital, seeking to improve ward life. Her efforts led to women's
group funding projects at veterans wards which the federal government failed to
do.
Women
She lifted the informal ban on "unacceptable women" (usually meaning divorced women)
instituted under Theodore Roosevelt. She sparked a small furor by inviting the
National Council of Catholic Women to the White House, as liberals disdained
their anti-birth control efforts. Florence would not criticize Margaret
Sanger's birth control push as she herself had used it earlier in life.
Florence hosted a tennis match between Marion Jessup and Molla Mallory.
Additionally, she sought to associate with popular female icons of the 1920s.
When Madame Curie visited the White House, Florence praised her as an example
of a professional achiever and excellent scientist who was also a supportive
wife. Florence accepted an inscribed book from the Curies, breaking her informal
rule against autographs.
Florence raised public awareness of women who managed
household finance. She stated that married women should know something about
their husband's work. She agreed to sign on to a pledge to reduce the
consumption of sugar when its price became exorbitant. However, she also held
some traditional values, such as it being more practical for women to raise
families rather than working a regular job. Florence became the president of
the Southern Industrial Association, an informal role in an organization that
provided education for mountain women. She personally helped a man get a job at
a factory after his wife wrote asking for help.
Media
She sought to make herself available to the press, a stark
contrast with her predecessor Edith Wilson who denied press access. Florence
had more press interviews than all the First Ladies before her combined. She
enjoyed talking to journalists she liked, such as Kate Forbes and Jane Dixon.
Her press conferences, which started a month after the inauguration, became a
regular event, held over four o'clock tea. Although she frequently discussed
politics, she did not like being quoted verbatim in the reports. She referred
to female reporters as "us
girls", owing to her history in running the Marion Star. Although
Florence did not believe herself to be a gifted public speaker, she regularly
gave impromptu speeches or "little
patriotic addresses" to organizations such as the Red Cross and League
of Women Voters.
In public, Florence bragged about the President and his
accomplishments. But in private, she let her political difference be known. She
would frequently express how the Executive should best perform his job and
tried to prevent or minimize any mistakes. Florence kept up on the latest
political news and knew the details of government better than almost any woman
of her era. She sometimes argued with him over the content of his speeches,
occasionally shaking a finger at him if she was upset. Once she became upset at
a speech that proposed a single presidential term of six years and refused to
leave until the clause was omitted. If the discussion ever became too heated,
Warren would leave the room to express his irritation, but he never scolded
her.
Public officials
Florence had a hand in selecting minor public officials,
particularly postmasters. In terms of patronage, she would place party loyalty
above personal connections though she did pick several Democrats for the
postmaster. Former coworkers at the Marion Star only received her consideration
if they had a documented partisan streak. Her authority was respected by
politicians from all levels of governance. When she wanted information on
someone, Florence used unconventional methods particularly on Herbert Hoover,
whom she disliked. She informed Senator Hiram Johnson that his Democratic
challenger was a stooge for Hoover, which caused Johnson to send election
information to her via Evalyn McLean. In response to the 1921 recession, the
government reviewed government agencies in hopes of consolidation, and Florence
herself checked budgets and requested a memo from the Marines about the cost of
uniforms.
Attorney general Harry M. Daugherty was the Cabinet member
with which Florence was the most political. Florence scheduled private citizens
to meet with him, and in return, he always complied with her requests. One time
she asked Daugherty to look into the case of the Bosko brothers in West
Virginia who were convicted of burglary. On closer inspection, the case relied
on flimsy evidence including forced confessions, and all three were issued
presidential pardons. Florence requested that Daugherty commute a death
sentence in Alabama, but he replied that the Justice Department had no
jurisdiction in the case. Other Cabinet members obeyed her, with Albert Fall
assuring her that the Interior Department would pay immediate attention to any
request that she forwarded. Her authority received some ribbing from Life
magazine, which depicted "The Chief
Executive and Mr. Harding" in a 1922 cartoon.
Race
Both Warren and Florence Harding were relatively progressive
on the subject of race, although the President largely toned down his rhetoric
when giving speeches in the South. An important exception to this was a speech
in Alabama in which he favored equality between the races, while Florence
loudly applauded a black band in a parade. Florence fought racism in
under-the-radar ways. She pressured her husband to rescind an appointment of
Helen Dortch Longstreet to a political position since she favored rule by white
men only. In terms of international affairs, Florence was not as active,
although she did participate in the International Conference on the Limitation
of Armaments from November 1921 to February 1922. She considered her role
important in bringing together the various nations in a common understanding.
She took part in the burial of "Buddy"
in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, reflecting her longstanding interest in
veterans' affairs.
Bomb threat, media
attention, husband's continued infidelity
Florence insisted her family spend Christmas 1921 with the
McLeans after hearing about a bomb threat against Warren. Bombs intended for
the President were found the next day, making Florence appear wise in retrospect.
By the end of Harding's first year in office, newspapers wrote assessments of
his performance, largely praising Florence's role in the administration.
However, negativity against her appeared after a House Appropriations Committee
hearing found that the $50,000 budget for the White House had been almost
completely spent, largely due to her entertaining so many people and reopening
the grounds to tourists. The head groundskeeper estimated that it would cost
$3000 to repair the greenhouses due to how many flowers Florence displayed in
the White House. Throughout the winter, Florence was eager to join Evalyn in
Florida, but when they arrived Warren continued his womanizing publicly, to the
chagrin of his wife.
After returning from Florida, the Hardings met the oil
tycoon Edward L. Doheny. Associated with Interior Secretary Albert Fall.
Warren's approval of oil leases to Doheny would result in the Teapot Dome
Scandal, and while Harding did not profit from it, Fall did, handsomely. In May
1922, Florence met and became close to a naval doctor, Joel Thompson Boone, who
relished his presidential posting. Boone also became acquainted with Dr.
Sawyer, who was becoming increasingly unpopular in the veteran's bureau. In
July, the Hardings returned to Marion to take part in its centennial
celebration. Florence greeted Nan Britton during the festivities, unaware she
was carrying on an affair with her husband.
Renewed kidney
problems
In August, the President addressed Congress regarding the
increasingly economically damaging coal and rail strikes. Florence followed the
events of the strikes closely, while Warren drank excessively to deal with the
anxiety it brought about in him. Florence instructed her Secret Service agent
Harry Barker to keep tabs on her husband, especially if she happened to be away
from him. Her discovery of the affair with Nan Britton took its toll on her
health. In early September she came down with a serious kidney ailment, and the
public was alerted as to the severity of it on September 8 in a medical
bulletin. The eminent physician Charles Horace Mayo was called in to treat her,
which sparked jealousy from Dr. Sawyer. By the time he arrived, she was
suffering from sepsis and was falling in and out of consciousness.
News of Florence's illness sparked an outpouring of support
throughout the country. It sparked many editorials in newspapers and a rumor
that she had passed, which was dispelled. The gates of the White House were
opened to accommodate the thousands of well-wishers who came to pray for
Florence. Dr. Mayo insisted that emergency surgery was the only option to save
Florence, but Dr. Sawyer disagreed. He eventually gave the option to Florence,
who was now lucid and did not favor surgery. By September 11 her condition had
worsened that, as she later related, she had a near death experience seeing two
figures at the end of her bed. Florence insisted she would not die because her
husband needed her. As she fought back from what she called the "Valley of Death", Florence
spontaneously relieved an obstruction and required bed care from the nurses.
Her condition gradually improved to the point that Dr. Mayo did not feel his
service was necessary.
Improved health,
support for veterans
A sign of Florence's improving condition was the re-opening
of the White House to tourists on October 1. She was informed of Republican
losses the day after the midterm elections and was incredulous that several
Senators had lost. In her improving condition, Florence continued to campaign
for war veterans, starting a "Forget-Me-Not"
drive-by purchasing the first flower from her room. She continued to keep tabs
on who was entering and exiting the White House, which prompted Warren to use
the Friendship estate for his rendezvous with Nan Britton. By Thanksgiving,
Florence was well enough to preside over her first dinner since the illness. On
December 7 she insisted she meet with Georges Clemenceau, who was having lunch
with Warren.
Florence had a session with psychologist Émile Coué to deal
with the frustration during her convalescence after being impressed with his
writings. Her illness and recovery took its toll on her husband, who did show
genuine care for her but also wanted more freedom for himself. Florence
declared, "this illness has been a blessing,"
since it drew the two closer together. Warren read to her in bed about
Yellowstone Park, a place to which she longed to return. Florence also placed
her complete trust in Dr. Sawyer, whom Warren believed had brought her back to
life. In January 1923, Warren took ill and was bedridden for weeks. Florence
was responsible for making sure he did not undertake much work during his
illness, once sending away an aide who handed the President some papers to
review, and brought Warren to bed.
Anger with corrupt
officials
After a group of Congressman undertook an investigation of
the Veteran's Bureau and Charles Forbes was shown to display criminal behavior
rather than simply being a shoddy administrator, Florence was furious. She felt
personally betrayed by Forbes and wanted him dismissed at once. Warren, on the
other hand, refused to believe Forbes was corrupt, looking for further
information. When this information turned out to incriminate him, the President
refused to accept it and sent Harry Daugherty away when he rattled off some
allegations. Florence eventually persuaded her husband to fire him, after
throttling Forbes by the neck. Forbes officially resigned on February 1 from
the Veteran's Bureau. His treachery caused Florence to call in Madame Marcia to
see who else of her husband's associates might be treacherous. During this
period, she increasingly retreated from the public eye, with her only public
act being participating in a national fuel curfew in response to shortages.
Resignation of Albert
Fall, travels
In early March, shortly before a planned trip to Florida,
Florence was informed that Albert Fall was leaving the Interior Department as a
Standard Oil agent, and she hastily organized a dinner in his honor. Before
accepting the resignation, Warren urged Fall to talk to his wife, but she could
not convince him to stay. By March 5, the Hardings and Evalyn took off for
Florida. During a stop in Cocoa Beach, Florence met up with her brother Cliff
and his family. She enjoyed her stay in Miami, with the city using the
Presidential visit as a selling point for developers. Warren continued his run
of poor health, especially heart issues, though Florence remained unaware of
this. During an interview with a reporter, she mentioned she wished to travel
to Alaska to see what could be done to bring its tremendous natural resources
to the public. After ten days in Miami, they went first to St. Augustine and
then Jacksonville.
Death of Jess Smith
In interviews with reporters, Florence indicated that she
wanted to get back to doing things due to her return to health. An example of
this was lobbying against the purchase of a property to be used as the vice
president's official residence. By the spring of 1923, Florence had learned of
Fall's seemingly legal leasing of Teapot Dome to Harry F. Sinclair, whom
Florence had recently met. She also became aware of Harding associate Jess
Smith's illegal efforts, which was only confirmed during a session with Madame
Marcia. After being largely snubbed by Warren and Florence Harding, Smith died
of an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound on May 30.
Despite having recently turned to Harry Daugherty for advice
on the management of some of her assets, Florence began to distance herself
from him due to the suspicion that he played a part in Smith's death. She also
distanced herself from Evalyn somewhat, not visiting her house though she did
send flowers and notes. In the midst of Smith's death and its subsequent fallout,
the Hardings were planning an exhausting cross-country trip. Warren was to give
seventy speeches in major cities throughout the country. The trip was to
include Florence's long-anticipated excursion to Alaska. A diversion from the
planning was a set of speeches Florence gave to Big Brothers and Sisters and
the National Conference of Social Work. During a convention of Shriners in
June, Florence played a prominent role, conducting the band in a parade and
selling pictures of Laddie Boy for animal rights organizations. Warren gave a
speech denouncing hate groups though it was falsely reported by some outlets he
had joined the Ku Klux Klan.
Prediction of Warren
Harding's death
Warren decided to draw up a new will after the festivities
ended. This prompted Florence to have another reading with Madame Marcia, who
predicted the President would not live to 1925. Dr. Sawyer assured her that
Warren was in excellent physical condition, though an examination by a
different doctor revealed heart trouble. Several Senators urged him not to go
on the trip. As a precautionary measure, several medical personnel were to
follow his every move, per Florence's wishes. After almost a year of being out
of the limelight, Florence longed for the adoring crowds she was expecting to
meet. Although it was ultimately Warren's decision with regards to the Alaska
trip, Florence was determined to go despite the consequences.
Death of Warren
Harding
By 1923, both Florence and her husband were suffering from
dangerous illnesses, but still undertook a coast-to-coast rail tour, which they
called the Voyage of Understanding. Florence proved highly popular at their
many scheduled stops, but Warren was visibly ailing. After falling seriously
ill while visiting British Columbia, Harding died at the Palace Hotel in San
Francisco on August 2, 1923.
On this tour, Warren had been under the care of Charles
Sawyer, who is believed to have misdiagnosed the President's condition, and
administered stimulants that brought on his fatal heart attack[dubious –
discuss]. As Florence did not request an autopsy and also destroyed many of his
papers, a controversial theory was put forward in a semi-fictional book The
Strange Death of President Harding, claiming that Florence had poisoned her
husband. However, this claim was soon debunked.
Widowhood and death
Florence had intended to make a new life in Washington and
was planning a tour of Europe. But when her kidney ailment returned, she
followed Sawyer's advice and took a cottage in the grounds of his sanitarium in
Marion. Her last public appearance was at the local Remembrance Day parade
where she stood to salute the veterans. Harding died of renal failure on
November 21, 1924, aged 64.
Her grandchildren, George Warren and Eugenia DeWolfe, were
the principal heirs to her estate.
Until the completion of the Harding Tomb, Florence's body
lay with that of her husband in the common receiving vault at Marion's city
cemetery.
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