https://anchor.fm/valerie-harvey/episodes/South-Carolina-Urban-Legends-e1kjqn3
Wednesday, June 29, 2022
Monday, June 27, 2022
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1835
Sally Hemmings
John Marshall
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Benjamin Tallmadge
Vincenzo Bellini
Antoine-Jean Gros
Guillaume, Baron Dupuytren
Samuel Slater
August, Graf von Platen
Charles Mathews
Catharina of Wurttemburg
Wilhelm von Humboldt
William Inglis
Felicia Hemans
William Cobbett
Theresa Tallien
Francois Rene Mallarme
Alexander McDonnell
John Nash
James Hogg
Michael Thomas Sadler
Francis- Joseph Naderman
Henry Hunt
Edouard Motier, Duke of Trevise
Tomas de Zumalacarregui
John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham
William- Henry Ireland
Andreas Miaoulis
Georg Adlersparre
Julius Klaproth
Nicolas Anselme Baptiste
Edward Troughton
Happy Birthday: June 27, 2022
Bruce Johnston, 80
J. J. Abrams, 56
Tobey Maguire, 47
Khloe Kardashian, 38
H. E. R., 25
Julia Duffy, 71
Isabelle Adjani, 67
Lorrie Morgan, 63
Draco Rosa, 53
Edward "Grapevine" Fordham, Jr., 52
Jo Frost, 52
Yancey Arias, 51
Christian Kane, 50
Leigh Nash, 46
Zach Williams, 44
Drake Bell, 36
Madylin Sweeten, 31
Katelyn MacMullen, 27
Lauren Jauregui, 26
Chandler Riggs, 23
Vera Wang, 73
Dan Jurgens, 63
Paul Laurence Dunbar (June 27, 1872-February 9, 1906)
Helen Keller (June 27, 1880-June 1, 1968)
Bob Keeshan (June 27, 1927-January 23, 2004)
H. Ross Perot (June 27, 1930-July 9, 2019)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1836
James Madison, 4th U.S. President
Aaron Burr
Davy Crockett
Betsy Ross
Andre Marie Ampere
Charles X of France
William Barret Travis
Stephen Austin
Nathan Meyer Rothschild
James Bowie
William Godwin
Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
John By
Herman of Alaska
John Loudon McAdam
Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle
Antoine Destutt de Tracy
Maria Cristina of Savoy
Corn Planter
Claude-Louis Navier
Carle Vernet
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein
Tenskwatawa
Anthony of Saxony
Francisco Espoz Y Mina
John Molson
Antonio Franconi
James Mill
Anton Reicha
Maria Malibran
Happy Birthday: June 26, 2022
Chris Isaak, 66
Patty Smyth, 65
Chris O'Donnell, 52
Nick Offerman, 52
Aubrey Plaza, 38
Adriana Grande, 29
Dave Grusin, 88
Billy Davis, Jr., 84
George Fame, 79
Clive Francis, 76
Brenda Holloway, 76
Michael Paul Chan, 72
Robert Davi, 71
Mick Jones, 67
Gedde Watanabe, 67
Teri Nunn, 63
Harriet Wheeler, 59
Eddie Perez, 54
Colin Greenwood, 53
Paul Thomas Anderson, 52
Sean Hayes, 52
Matt Letscher, 52
Jeff Franken Stein, 48
Gretchen Wilson, 48
Nathan Followill, 43
Ryan Tedder, 43
Jason Schwartzman, 42
Jeanette McCurdy, 30
Derek Jeter, 48
Abner Doubleday (June 26, 1819-January 26, 1893)
William Lear (June 26, 1902-May 14, 1978)
Peter Lorre (June 26, 1904-May 23, 1964)
Viktor Schrekengost (June 26, 1906-January 26, 2008)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1837
Alexander Pushkin
Queen Wilhemine
Giacomo Leopardi
John Constable
Elijah Parish Lovejoy
Lukijan Musicki
Johann Nebomuk Hummel
George Buchner
Diego Portales
Joseph Yates
Samuel Wesley
Happy Birthday: June 25, 2022
June Lockhart, 97
Carly Simon, 77
Jimmie Walker, 75
Ricky Gervais, 61
Linda Cardellini, 47
Busy Philipps, 43
Eddie Floyd, 85
Barbara Montgomery, 83
Mary Beth Peil, 82
Ian McDonald, 76
Tim Finn, 70
David Paich, 68
Michael Sabatino, 67
Erica Gimpel, 58
Richie Rich, 55
Sean Kelly, 51
Mike Kroegerof, 50
George Orwell (June 25, 1903-January 21, 1950)
Eric Carle (June 1929-May 23, 2021)
Anthony Bourdain (June 25, 1956-June 8, 2018)
George Michael (June 25, 1963-December 25, 2016)
Friday, June 24, 2022
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1838
William Clark
Piet Retief
Maria Cosway
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
Jose Bonifacio de Andrada
Osceola
Maximilian von Montgelas
Black Hawk
Ferdinand Ries
Francois-Joseph-Victor Broussais
Thomas Creevey
Johanna Schopenhauer
William Henry Ashley
Gideon Blackburn
John Jamieson
Nathaniel Bowditch
Bernhard Crusell
Lorenzo da Ponte
Letitia Elizabeth Landon
Ferenc Kolcsey
Joseph Lancaster
Pierre Louis Dulong
John Stevens
Thomas Andrew Knight
Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantes
Frederic-Cesar de la Harpe
Joshua Humphreys
Phillipe-Antoine Merlin de Oduai
Jean Marc Gaspard Itard
Bernard Courtois
Rene Caillie
Karl Philipp von Wrede
Happy Birthday: June 24, 2022
Jeff Beck, 78
Mick Fleetwood, 75
Peter Weller, 75
Mindy Kaling, 43
Minka Kelly, 42
Michele Lee, 80
Arthur Brown, 80
Georg Stanford Brown, 79
Colin Blunstone, 77
John Illsley, 73
Derrick Simpson, 72
Nancy Allen, 72
Joe Penny, 66
Andy McCluskey, 63
Siedah Garrett, 62
Iain Glen, 61
Curt Smith, 61
Danielle Spencer, 57
Sherry Stringfield, 55
Glenn Medeiros, 52
Carlo Gallo, 47
Amir Talai, 45
Vanessa Ray, 41
Justin Hires, 37
Solange Knowles, 36
Max Ehrich, 31
Beanie Feldstein, 29
E. I. duPont (June 24, 1771-October 31, 1834)
Ambrose Bierce (June 24, 1842-c. 1914)
Roy O. Disney (June 24, 1893-December 20, 1971)
Jack Dempsey (June 24, 1895-May 31, 1983)
Thursday, June 23, 2022
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1839
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
William Murdoch
Mahmud II
Frederick VI of Denmark
Lady Flora Hastings
Sybil Ludington
Ferdinand Sor
Major Ridge
Friedrich Mohs
Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Baronet
Joseph Anton Koch
John Galt
Robert Young Hayne
Senusret III
Benjamin Lundy
Joseph Fesch
Caroline Bonaparte
Hugues-Bernard Maret, Duc de Bassano
Lord William Bentinck
James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale
Mikhail Speransky
Samuel Smith
Fernando Paer
John Batman
Pedro Romero
Leonor de Almeida Portugal, Marquise of Aldrina
Aloysia Weber
William Smith
Al-Shawkani
Aldolphe Nourrit
John Wesley Jarvis
Hezekiah Niles
Happy Birthday: June 23, 2022
Randy Jackson, 66
Frances McDormand, 65
Joss Whedon, 58
Selma Blair, 50
Jason Mraz, 45
Melissa Rauch, 42
Diana Trask, 82
Ted Shackleford, 76
Bryan Brown, 75
Steve Shelley, 60
Chico DeBarge, 52
Joel Edgerton, 48
KT Tunstall, 47
Virgo Williams, 47
Emmanuelle Vaugier, 46
Duffy, 38
Ptolemy XV (June 23, 47 B.C.-August 30 B.C.)
Edward VIII (June 23, 1894-May 28, 1972)
Alan Turing (June 23, 1912-June 7, 1954)
Art Modell (June 23, 1925-Septmber 6, 2012)
June Carter Cash (June 23, 1929-May 15, 2003)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1840
Nicolo Paganini
Anne Lister
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom
Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia
Beau Brummell
Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
Francisco de Paula Santander
James Prinsep
Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol
Maria Beatrice of Savoy
John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
Dingone Kasenzagakhona
Louis de Bonald
Lucien Bonaparte
Simeon Denis Poisson
Frances Burney
Pierre Dupont de l'Etang
Pierre-Joseph Redoute
Caspar David Friedrich
Jacques MacDonald
Frederick William III of Prussia
Hannah Webster Foster
Manmadaw Me Nu
William Garrow
Mary Boyle, Countess of Cork and Orrery
Karl Ferdinand von Grafe
John Blackwell
Thug Behram
Juan Severino Mallari
Happy Birthday: June 22, 2022
Kris Kristofferson, 86
Todd Rundgren, 74
Meryl Streep, 73
Lindsay Wagner, 73
Cyndi Lauper, 69
Bruce Campbell, 64
Carson Daly, 49
Donald Faison, 48
Alicia "Lecy" Goranson, 48
Michael L. Learner, 81
Klaus Maria Brandauer, 79
Brit Hume, 79
Peter Asher, 78
Howard "Eddie" Kaylan, 75
Alan Osmond, 73
Graham Greene, 70
Chris Lemmon, 68
Derek Forbes, 66
Gary Beers, 65
Alan Anton, 63
Tracy Pollan, 62
Jimmy Sommerville, 61
Mike Edwards, 58
Amy Brenneman, 58
Steven Page, 52
Michael Trucco, 52
Mary Lyn Rajskub, 51
Chris Traynor, 49
Mike O'Brien, 46
Jai Rodriguez, 43
Lindsay Ridgeway, 37
Dinah Jane, 25
Erin Brockovich, 61
Dan Brown, 58
John Dillinger (June 22, 1903-July 22, 1934)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1841
William Henry Harrison, 9th U.S. President
Mikhail Lermontov
Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin
Catherine McAuley
Ming Mang
Caroline of Baden
Alexander Burnes
Maria Anna Thekla Mozart
David Wilkie
Frederica of Meckleburg-Strelitz
Peter Chanel
Felix Savart
Philip P. Barbour
Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
Johann Friedrich Herbart
Francis Leggatt Chantrey
Nicolas Appert
Watana be Kazan
Charles Poulett Thomason, 1st Baron Sydenham
Bernard Romberg
Diogo Alves
Amelia of Nassau-Weilburg
Thomas Buchanan
Augustin Pyrame de Candolle
Ferdinando Carulli
Peter Andreas Heiberg
Countess Claudine Rhedey von Kis-Rhede
Alexander Shishkov
Jeckigye Daewongun
George Green
Astley Cooper
Happy Birthday: June 21, 2022 (Summer Solstice)
Bernie Kopell, 89
Carrie Preston, 55
Juliette Lewis, 49
Chris Pratt, 43
Lana Del Rey, 34
Rebecca Black, 25
Monte Markham, 87
Mariette Hartley, 82
Joe Flaherty, 81
Ray Davies, 78
Meredith Baxter, 75
Michael Gross, 75
Joey Mulland, 75
Joey Kramer, 72
Nils Lofgren, 71
Robyn Douglas, 70
Berke Breathed, 65
Josh Pais, 64
Kathy Mattea, 63
Marc Copage, 60
Doug Savant, 58
Porter Howell, 58
Michael Dolan, 57
Lana Wachowski, 57
Paula Irvine, 54
Allison Moorer, 50
Maggie Siff, 48
Justin Cary, 47
Mike Einziger, 46
Brandon Flowers, 41
Jussie Smollett, 40
Michael Malarkey, 39
Kris Allen, 37
Jascha Washington, 33
Chandler Baldwin, 30
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, 40
Jean Paul Sartre (June 21, 1932-April 5, 1980)
Jane Russell (June 21, 1921-February 28, 2011)
Wednesday, June 22, 2022
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1842
Stendhal
Constanze Mozart
Elisabeth Vigee Le Brun
Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley
Letitia Christian Tyler
Luigi Cherbini
Thomas Arnold
Jules Dumont d'Urville
Charles Bell
Henry Shrapnel
Allan Cunningham
John W. Beseecher
Benjamin Wright
Guiseppe Bendetto Cottlengo
Charles Armitage Brown
Franciso Morazan
William Ellery Channing
Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill
Jean Charles Leonard de Sismondi
Jules Solime Milscent
Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orleans
Jose de Espronceda y Delgado
Galbraith Lowry Cole
John Sell Cotman
James Ivory
Dominique Jean Larrey
Wilhelm Gesenius
Shah Shujah Durrani
Peter Fendi
Clemens Brentano
Emmanuel, Comte de Las Cases
William Hone
Happy Birthday: June 20, 2022
Brian Wilson, 80
Lionel Richie, 73
John Goodman, 70
Nicole Kidman, 55
Grace Potter, 39
Bonnie Bartlett, 93
James Tolkan, 91
John McCook, 78
Anne Murray, 77
Andre Watts, 76
Candy Clark, 75
Michael Anthony, 68
John Taylor, 62
Mark degli Antoni, 60
Jerome Fontamillas, 55
Murphy Karges, 55
Dan Tyminski, 55
Peter Paige, 53
Josh Lucas, 51
Twiggy Lucas, 51
Chino Moreno, 49
Amos Lee, 45
Tika Sumpter, 42
Chris Thompson, 42
Alisan Porter, 41
Chris Dudley, 39
Mark Saul, 37
Dreama Walker, 36
Chris Mintz-Plasse, 33
Kiara Barnes, 26
Maria Lark, 25
Bob Villa, 76
Scipio Africanus (June 20, ? B.C.-1853?)
Errol Flynn (June 20, 1909-October 14, 1959)
Martin Landau (June 20, 1928-July 15, 2012)
Olympia Dukakis (June 20, 1931-May 1, 2020)
Danny Aiello (June 20, December 12, 2019)
John Mahoney (June 20, 1940-February 4, 2018)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1843
Francis Scott Key
Noah Webster
Samuel Hahnemann
Charles Macintosh
William I of the Netherlands
Prince of Augustus I Frederick, Duke of Sussex
John Trumbull
Robert Southey
Friedrich Holderlin
Sequeyan
Princess Louise Augusta of Denmark
Hirata Atsutane
Theodoros Koloketronis
Smith Thompson
Samuel Morey
Alexis Bouvard
Alexander John Forsyth
Marie-Madeleine Lachenois
Leopoldine Hugo
Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis
Charles Colville
Sylvestre Francois Lacroix
David Porter
John Armstrong, Jr.
Isaac Hull
John Claudius Loudon
Robert Adrain
Friedrich de la Motte Fouque
Joseph Nicollet
Richard Carlile
Jakob Friedrich Fries
Miguel Ricardo de Alava
Happy Birthday: June 19, 2022 (Father's Day-Juneteenth)
Gena Rowlands, 92
Phylicia Rashad, 74
Ann Wilson, 72
Kathleen Turner, 68
Paula Abdul, 60
Zoe Saldana, 44
Macklemore, 39
Spanky McFarland, 80
Larry Dunn, 69
Doug Stone, 66
Marky "Marty" Debarge, 63
Andy Lauer, 59
Brian Vander Ark, 58
Mia Sara, 55
Lane Spencer, 53
Brian "Head" Welch, 52
Jean Dujardin, 50
Robin Tunney, 50
Bumper Robinson, 48
Poppy Montgomery, 47
Scott Avett, 46
Ryan Huest, 46
Neil Brown, Jr.,42
Lauren Lee Smith, 42
Paul Dano, 38
Giacomo Gianniotti, 33
Chuku Modu, 32
Atticus Shaffer, 24
Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623-August 9, 1662)
Moe Howard (June 19, 1897-May 4, 1975)
Guy Lombardo (June 19, 1902-November 5, 1927)
Lou Gehrig (June 19, 1903-June 2, 1941)
Sunday, June 19, 2022
Saturday, June 18, 2022
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1844
Joseph Mazzinghi
Horace H. Hayden
John Wedgewood
Henri Gratien
Willem de Clerq
Henry Addington
Joseph Crosfield
Heinrich David Stolzel
Nicholas Biddle
Abel P. Upshur
Thommas W. Gilmer
Thaddaus
Gabriel Duvall
Charles XIV
Leopold van Sasse van Yssett
Bertel Thorvald Sen
Ignaz Frans von Mosel
Henri-Monton Berton
William Beckford
Richard McCarty
Louis Antoine
Thomas Campbell
Etienne Geoffroy
Joseph Smith
Evgeny Baratynsky
Charles-Louis Panckoucke
Johann Baptist Gansbacher
Claude Charles Fauriel
Happy Birthday: June 18, 2022
Sir Paul McCartney, 80
Isabella Rossellini, 70
Blake Shelton, 46
Richard Madden, 36
Willa Holland, 31
Constance McCashin, 75
Linda Thorson, 75
John Evans, 74
Carol Kane, 70
Brian Benben, 66
Andrea Evans, 65
Alison Moyet, 61
Dizzy Reed, 59
Tim Hunt, 55
Nathan Morris, 51
Ray LaMontagne, 49
Silkk The Schocker, 47
Alana de la Garza, 46
Steven Chen, 44
David Giuntoli, 41
Josh Dun, 34
Renee Olstead, 33
Jacob Anderson, 32
Sandy Alomar, Jr., 57
Kurt Browning, 56
George Mallory (June 18, 1886-June 1926)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1845
Andrew Jackson
Johnny Appleseed
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
Elizabeth Fry
Thomas Hood
Bernardino Rivadavia
Joseph Story
Nikoloz Baratashvilli
Diego Vigil Cocana
Richard Harris Burnam
Dominique, Comte de Cassini
Auguste Wilhelm Schlegel
Robert Sale
Nicolas-Theodore de Saussure
Priscilla Kemble
Louis-Leopold Boilly
Maria Gowen Brooks
Charles Chubb
Sydney Smith
Thomas Osborne Davis
Henrik Wergeland
Harriet Wilson
Jean Charles Athanase Peltier
Fowell Buxton
John Frederic Daniell
Shehu Ahmadu Lobbo
Jonas Hallgrimsson
James Burke
Julie Clary
John Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer
Simon Mayr
Asher Benjamin
Happy Birthday: June 17, 2022
Barry Manilow, 79
Thomas Haden Church, 61
Greg Kinnear, 59
Will Forte, 52
Venus Williams, 42
Jodie Whittaker, 40
Peter Lupus, 90
Mark-Linn Baker, 68
John Gries, 65
Jello Biafra, 64
Kami Cotler, 57
Sonya Eddy, 55
Kevin Thornton, 53
Arthur Darvill, 40
Mickey Guyton, 39
Herculeez, 39
Kendrick, 35
KJ Apa, 25
Newt Gingrich, 79
Joe Piscopo, 71
Igor Stravinsky (June 17, 1882-April 8, 1971)
MC Escher (June 17, 1898-March 27, 1972)
Art Bell (June 17, 1945-April 13, 2018)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1846
Louis Bonaparte
Thomas Clarkson
Guadalupe Victoria
Friedrich Bessel
Friedrich List
Adam Johann von Krusenstern
Otto von Kotzebue
Jean-Gaspaard Deburau
Andrew Kim Taegon
Alexander Chavchavadze
Bagyidaw
Benjamin Huydon
Esaias Tegner
Etienne Pivert de Senancour
Pope Gregory XVI
Mother Teresa Lalor
Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont
Henry Inman
Benjamin Waterhouse
Dorothy Thomas
Georg Friedrich Pachta
Francis IV, Duke of Modena
John Hookham Frere
Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton
Thakkawaddy Min
Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki
George Darley
Maria Josefa Lastiri
Van Fran S Willems
Wilhelm Adolf Becker
Happy Birthday: June 16, 2022
Eddie Levert, 80
Laurie Metcalf, 67
John Che, 50
Eddie Cibrian, 49
Daniel Bruhl, 44
Eileen Atkins, 88
Bill Cobbs, 88
Billy "Crash" Craddock, 84
Lamont Dozier, 81
Joan Van Ark, 79
Geoff Pierson, 73
James Smith, 72
Gino Vannelli, 70
Arnold Vosloo, 60
Danny Burstein, 58
Jenny Shimzu, 55
James Patrick Stuart, 54
MC Ren, 53
Clifton Collins, Jr., 52
Fred Koehler, 47
China Shavers, 45
Sibel Kekilli, 42
Missy Peregrym, 40
Olivia Hack, 39
Diana De Garmo, 35
Ian Keaggy, 35
Ali Stroker, 35
Joyce Carol Oates, 84
Phil Mickelson, 52
Geronimo (June 16, 1829-February 17, 1909)
Stan Laurel (June 16, 1890-February 23, 1965)
Ultimate Warrior (June 16, 1959-April 8, 2014)
Tupak Shakur (June 16, 1971-September 13, 1996)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1847
Mary Anning
Felix Mendelssohn
John Franklin
Robert Liston
Virginia Eliza Clem Poe
Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel
Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma
Uygalawada Narasimha Reddy
Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschew
Marcus Whitman
Mary Lamb
Tyagaraja
James Kent
Sahle Selassie
Prince Achille Murat
Nicolas Charles Judinut, duc de Ruggiero
William Christopher Zeise
Jean Ignace Isidore Gerard Grandville
George Rapp
Daniell O'Connell
Charles Hatchett
Thomas Chalmers
John Walter
Maria Schicklgruber
Thomas Frognall Dibdin
Miguel Larreynaga
Henri Dutrochet
Cyrill Demian
Moritz von Strachwitz
Alexandre Brongniart
Grace Aguilar
Erik Gustaf Geijer
Happy Birthday: June 15, 2022
Jim Belushi, 68
Helen Hunt, 59
Courteney Cox, 58
Ice Cube, 53
Leah Remini, 52
Neil Patrick Harris, 49
Ruby Nash Garnett, 88
Leo Nocentelli, 76
Simon Callow, 73
Russell Hitchcock, 73
Steve Walsh, 71
Terri Gibbs, 68
Julie Haggerty, 67
Polly Draper, 67
Brad Gillis, 65
Eileen Davidson, 63
Scott Rockenfield, 59
Tony Ardoin, 58
Michael Britt, 56
Rob Mitchell, 56
Jake Busey, 51
T-Bone Willy, 50
Greg Vaughan, 49
Elizabeth Reaser, 47
Dryden Mitchell, 46
Christopher Castle, 42
Billy Martin, 41
Jordi Vilasuso, 41
Wayne Sermon, 38
Denzel Whitaker, 32
Sterling Jerins, 18
Mike Holmgren, 74
Erik Erikson (June 15, 1902-May 12, 1994)
Sam Giancana (June 15, 1908-June 19, 1978)
Tuesday, June 14, 2022
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1848
Emily Bronte
George Stephenson
Caroline Herschel
John Jacob Astor
Thomas Cole
Gaetano Donizetti
Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
Francois Rene de Chateaubriand
Jons Jacob Berzelius
Branwell Bronte
Bernard Bolzano
Horace Wells
Khachatur Albovian
Duchess Amelia of Wurttemberg
John Quincy Adams
Joseph Mohr
Takizawa Bakin
Vissarion Belinsky
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
James Cowles Prichard
Jean-Antoine Dubois
Maria Isabella of Spain
Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom
Christian VIII of Denmark
Frederick Marrvat
Alessandro Perrio
Annette von Droste-Hulshoff
Manto Mavrogenous
Tom Cribb
Landgravine Josepha of Furstenberg-Weitra
Mohammed Shah Qajar
Keokuk
Happy Birthday: June 14, 2022 (Flag Day)
Boy George, 61
Kevin McHale, 34
Lucy Hale, 33
Daryl Sabara, 30
Marla Gibbs, 91
Rod Argent, 77
Janet Lenon,76
Barry Melton, 75
Will Patton, 68
Marcus Miller, 63
Traylor Howard, 56
Yasmine Bleeth, 54
Faizon Love, 54
Stephen Wallem, 54
Jason Bateman, 53
Sullivan Stapleton, 45
Diablo Cody, 44
Lawrence Saint-Victor, 40
Torrance Coombs, 39
J. R. Martinez, 39
Jesy Nelson,31
Donald Trump, 45th U.S. President, 76
Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811-July 1, 1896)
Ernesto Guevara (June 14, 1928-October 9, 1967)
Monday, June 13, 2022
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1849
Edgar Allan Poe
Frederic Chopin
James K. Polk
Delphine La Laurie
Katsushika Hokusai
Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Dolley Madison
Anne Bronte
Johann Strauss I
Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
Albert Gallatin
Sandor Petofi
France Preseren
Juliuette Recamier
Mary Lyon
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
Juliusz Slowacki
Anita Garibaldi
William II of the Netherlands
Geffredo Mamli
Edward Hicks
William Etty
Maria Monk
Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este
Charles Albert of Sardinia
Marie Dorolal
Jacob Perkins
Hartley Coleridge
Friedrich Kalkbrener
Horace Smith
Thomas Robert Buglaud
Happy Birthday: June 13, 2022
Malcolm MacDowell, 79
Stellan Skarsgard, 71
Tim Allen, 69
Ally Sheedy, 60
Ethan Embry, 44
Chris Evans, 40
Kat Dennings, 36
Mary-Kate Olsen, 36
Ashley Olsen, 36
Bob McGrath, 90
Dennis Locorriere, 73
Richard Thomas, 71
Hannah Storm, 60
Paul De Lisle, 59
Lesli Kay, 57
David Gray, 54
Deniece Pearson, 54
Jamie Walters, 53
Rivers Cuomo, 52
Steve-O, 48
Sarah Schaub, 39
Raz B, 37
Aaron-Taylor Johnson,32
Martha Washington, first 1st Lady (June 2, 1731-May 22, 1802)
William Butler Yeats (June 13, 1865-January 28, 1939)
"Red" Grange (June 13, 1903-January 28, 1991)
John Nash (June 13, 1928-May 23, 2015)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1850
William Wordsworth
Zachary Taylor
John C. Calhoun
Robert Peel
Edward Baker Lincoln
Honore de Balzac
Marie Tussaud
Jose de San Martin
Margaret Fuller
Joseph Louis Goy-Lussac
Frederic Bastiat
Adoniram Judson
Richard Mentor Johnson
Louise of Orleans
Oliver Cowdery
Johann Heinrich von Thunen
Robert Stevenson
William Sturgeon
Jozef Bem
Bashir Shihab II
Lin Zexu
Nikolaus Lenau
Danguang Emperor
William Kirby
Frances Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey
Jacob Jones
Wilhelm Beer
William Reid Clanny
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
The Bab
Andree Sychra
Happy Birthday: June 12, 2022
Marv Albert, 81
Timothy Busfield, 65
Jason Mewes, 48
Adriana Lima, 41
Richard Sherman, 94
Aaron Brown, 73
Sonia Manzano, 72
Bun E. Carlos, 71
Junior Brown, 70
Rocky Burnette, 69
Meredith Brooks, 64
Jenilee Harrison, 64
John Enos, 60
Grandmaster Dee, 60
Paul Schulze, 60
Eamonn Walker, 60
Bardi Martin, 53
Rick Hoffman, 52
Finesse Mitchell, 50
Kenny Wayne Shepherd, 45
Timothy Simms, 44
Will Horneff, 43
Robyn, 43
John Gourley, 43
The Man, 41
Chris Young, 37
Luke Youngblood, 36
Irwin Allen (June 12, 1916-November 2, 1991)
George H. W. Bush, 41st U.S. President (June 12, 1924-November 30, 2018)
Anne Frank (June 12,1929-c. March 1945)
Jim Nabors (June 12, 1930-November 30, 2017)
Sunday, June 12, 2022
U.S. President #42: Bill Clinton on TPKs Stories
Saturday, June 11, 2022
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1851
Mary Shelley
J. M. W. Turner
James Fenimore Cooper
John James Anderson
Hans Christian Orsted
Louis Daguerre
Carl Gustave Jacob Jacobi
Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
Rama III
Karl Drais
Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Joanna Baillie
Albert Lortzing
Manuel de Godoy
Joel Roberts Pointsett
Francisco Montes Reina
Marie-Louise Coidavid
Josefa Segovia
Seh-Dong-Hog-Beh
Sylvester Graham
Henry Luttrell
John Brown Russwurm
Jean-de-Dieu Serult
Henry Miller Shreve
Lorinz Oken
Therese Maffalli
Dean Mahomed
Stranko Vraz
Petar II Petrovic-Njegos
Princess Augusta of Bavaria
Happy Birthday: June 11, 2022
Hugh Laurie, 63
Peter Dinklage, 53
Joshua Jackson, 44
Shia La Beouf, 36
Claire Holt, 34
Joey Dee, 82
Roscoe Orman, 7
Adrienne Barbeau, 77
Frank Beard, 73
Graham Russell, 72
Donnie Van Zant, 70
Peter Bergman, 69
Dr. Mehmet Oz, 62
Gioia Bruno, 59
Dan Lavery, 56
Jay McDowell, 53
Lenny Jacobsen, 48
Tai Anderson, 46
Joe Montana, 66
Ben Johnson (June 11, 1512-August 16, 1637)
Max Schreck (September 6, 1879-February 20, 1936)
Jacques Cousteau (June 11, 1910-June 25, 1997)
Vince Lombardi (June 11, 1913-September 3, 1970)
Gene Wilder (June 11, 1933-August 29, 2016)
Henry Hill (June 11, 1943-June 12, 2012)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1852
Ada Lovelace
Henry Clay
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
Daniel Webster
Louie Braille
Nikolai Gogol
Thomas Moore
Louisa Adams
Friedrich Froebel
Amir Kalir
Friedrich Ludwig John
rose Phillippine Duchesne
Augustus Peigin
Margaret Taylor
Francis Wright
Marie Lafarge
Gideon Montill
Hendrik Potgieter
Sara Coleridge
Gotthold Eisestein
Vasily Zhaekovsky
Karl Bries Clov
Prince Paul of Wurttenberg
Philander Chase
John Lloyd Stephens
Vincenzo Gioberti
Hosea Ballou
Pavel Andreyerich Fedotov
Omer Ale Saiffiddia II
John Vanderlyn
Johan Gadolin
Happy Birthday: June 10, 2022
Gina Gershon, 60
Kate Flannery, 58
Shane West, 44
Leelee Sobieski, 40
Tristin Mays, 32
Kate Upton, 30
Alexandra Stewart, 83
Shirley Alston Reeves, 81
Jurgen Prochnow, 81
Frankie Faison, 73
Andrew Stevens, 67
Kim Deal, 61
Maxi Priest, 61
Carolyn Hennesy, 60
Jeanne Tripplehorn, 59
Jimmy Chamberlin, 58
Joey Santiago, 57
Doug McKeon, 56
Emma Anderson, 55
Brian Hofeldt, 55
The D. O. C., 54
Mike Doughty, 52
Jo Jo, 51
Faith Evans, 49
Hugh Dancy, 44
Lemisha Grinstead, 44
DJ Qualls, 44
Lee Brice, 43
Hoku, 41
Bridget Kearney, 37
Titus Makin, 33
Eden McCoy, 19
Hattie McDaniel (June 10, 1892-October 26, 1952)
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (June 10, 1921-April 9, 2021)
Judy Garland (June 10, 1922-June 22, 1969)
Maurice Sendak (June 10, 1928-May 8, 2012)
F. Lee Bailey (June 10, 1933-June 3, 2021)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1853
Christian Doppler
Abigail Fillmore
William Beaumont
Sarah Goodridge
Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Wiemar-Eisenach
Amelia Opie
Maria II of Portugal
Georg Friederich Grotefend
Louis Visconti
Juan Donso Cortes
Frederic Ozanam
Joaquin Murrieta
Charles James Napier
William R. King
Lionel Kieseritzky
Francois Arogo
Andries Pretorius
Maria Delores Bedoya
Robert James Graves
Lucas Alaman
Hilary Teague
Elisa Guarnerin
Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria
Ludwig Tieck
Sir John Campbell of Airds
Frederick William Robertson
Marie Collings
Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg
Edward John Dent
Princess Maria Amelia of Brazil
James Thompson
Happy Birthday: June 9, 2022
Michael J. Fox, 61
Johnny Depp, 59
Natalie Portman, 41
Mae Whitman, 34
Dick Vitale, 83
Mick Box, 75
James Newton Howard, 71
Gloria Reuben, 58
Tamela Mann, 56
Dean Feller, 55
Dean Dinning, 55
Ed Simmons, 52
Keesha Sharp, 49
Jamie Dailey, 47
Michaela Conlin, 44
Lucien Laviscount, 30
Peter the Great (June 9, 1672-February 8, 1725)
Cole Porter (June 9, 1891-October 15, 1964)
Les Paul (June 9, 1915-August 12, 2009)
Wednesday, June 8, 2022
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1854
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton
Georg Ohm
Kamehameha III
Samuel Wilson
Duncan Phyfe
Gabriele Rossetti
Anton Pann
Edward Forbes
Francis Place
James Montgomery
Frederick Augustus II
John Martin
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
Peter Skene Ogden
Almeida Garrett
William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford
Nicolas Bravo
Marcellin Marlot
William Strickland
Abdullah Abdul Kadir
Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet
Jeremiah Gothelf
Susan Edmonstone Ferrier
Elizabeth Grigoriera Timkina
Charles Kemble
Matija Menadoro
Juan Coralli
Thomas Wilson Dorr
Carl Gustaf Mannerheim
Silvio Pellico
Johann Peter Eckermann
Joseph de Villele
Happy Birthday: June 8, 2022
Nancy Sinatra, 82
Bonnie Tyler, 71
Keenan Ivory Wayans, 64
Frank Grillo, 57
Julianna Margulies, 55
Kanye West, 45
James Darren, 86
Chuck Negron, 80
Boz Scaggs, 78
Kathy Baker, 72
Griffin Dunne, 67
Scott Adams, 65
Mick Hucknall, 62
Nick Rhodes, 60
Doris Pearson, 56
Dan Futterman, 55
David Sutcliffe, 53
Kent Faulcon, 52
Nicci Gilbert, 52
Kelli Williams, 52
Mark Feuerstein, 51
Mike Scheuchzer, 47
Eion Bailey, 46
Sturgill Simpson, 44
Derek Trucks, 43
Alex Band, 41
Sara Watkins, 41
Torrey Dervitto, 38
Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867-April 9, 1959)
Francis Crick (June 8, 1916-July 28, 2004)
Barbara Bush, former 1st Lady (June 8, 1925-April 17, 2018)
Jerry Stiller (June 8, 1927-May 11, 2020)
Joan Rivers (June 8, 1933-September 4, 2014)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1855
Carl F. Gauss
Charlotte Bronte
Soren Kierkegaard
Adam Mickiewircz
Thomas Mitchell
John Gorrie
Francois Rude
Amschel Mayer Rothschild
FitzRory Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan
Robert Mills
Henry Lehman
Mary Russell Mitford
Deponeyoro
Nicholas I of Russia
Dorothy Wordsworth
Konstantin Babyushkov
Samuel Rogers
Mihaily Vorosmartz
Abbott Lawrence
Louis-Matthisee Molo
Sir Henry Rowley Bishop
Flargus O'Connell
Joseph Hume
Maria Adeodata Pisani
Jacques Charles Francois Sturm
Per Daniel Amadeus Otterbom
Jean de Charpenter
Paul Christian Stemann
Henry De la Beche
Empress Xeioingching
Ahmad I ibin Mustafa
Gerard de Nerval
Happy Birthday: June 7, 2022
Tom Jones, 82
Liam Neeson, 70
Dave Navarro, 55
Karl Urban, 50
Bill Hader, 44
Michael Cera, 34
Iggy Ayalea, 32
Emily Ralykowski, 31
Virginia McKenna, 91
Jenny Jones, 76
Colleen Camp, 69
William Forsythe, 67
L. A. Reid, 66
Juan Luis Guerra, 65
Gordon Gano, 59
Eric Kretz. 56
Helen Baxendale, 52
Bear Gryllis, 48
Eric Johnson, 46
Adrienne Frantz, 44
Anna Torv, 43
Larisa Oleynik, 41
Shelly Buckner, 33
Fetty Wap, 31
Paul Gaugin (June 7, 1848-May 8, 1903)
George Szell (June 7, 1897-July 30, 1970)
Dean Martin (June 7, 1933-December 25, 1995)
Herb Score (June 7, 1933-November 11, 2008)
Prince (June 7, 1958-April 21, 2018)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1856
Robert Schumann
Amedio Oyogardo
Manuela Saenz
Max Stirner
Eston Hemings
Heinrich Heine
Adolphe Adam
Nikolai Solbachersky
Paul Delarocha
L'udorbit Sair
William Buckland
Ninomiya Sontoku
James Strang
John M. Cloyton
Said bin Sultan
Hugh Miller
Theodore Gueric
Charles Frederic Gerhardt
John Ross
Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov
Florestar, Prince of Monaco
Celonzo Murphy
Lucia Elizabeth Vestris
Theodore Chassoriau
Father Mathew
Pyotr Chaadayev
Agostino Bassi
Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet
Agostino Thierry
Etienne Cabot
Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen
Thomas Attwood
Happy Birthday: June 6, 2022
Robert Englund, 75
Harvey Fierstein, 70
Sandra Bernhard, 67
Colin Quinn, 63
Jason Isaacs, 59
Paul Giamatti, 55
Gary "U.S." Bonds, 83
Joe Stampley, 79
Monty Alexander, 78
Dwight Twilley, 71
Amanda Pays, 63
Jimmy Jam, 63
Steve Vai, 62
Tom Araya, 61
Sean Yealt, 56
Max Casella, 55
Damion Hall, 54
James "Munky" Shaffer, 53
Lisa Brokop, 49
Uncle Kracker, 48
Sonya Walper, 48
Staci Keanan,47
Somi, 46
Aubrey Anderson-Emmons, 15
Bjorn Borg, 66
Nathan Hale (June 6, 1755-September 22, 1776)
David Abercrombie (June 6, 1867-August 29, 1931)
Thomas Mann (June 6, 1875-August 12, 1955)
In Memoriam: Celebrities Lost 1857
Anjelica Hamilton
Auguste Comte
Mangal Pandey
Augustin-Louis Cauchy
Mikhail Glinka
Carl Czerny
Alfred de Musset
George Cayley
David Thompson
John Nicholson
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
Preston Brooks
Eugene Sue
William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Augustina de Aragon
Alcide d'Orbigng
Louis-Eugene Cavaignac
Houkje Gerrits Bozema
Louis-Jacques Thenard
Marquis de Custine
Henry Montgomery Lawrence
William L. Marcy
Manuel Oribe
Wei Yuan
Elisha Jose Quintana
Dionysios Solomos
Charles Lucien Bonaparte
William Conybeare
Happy Birthday: June 5, 2022
Kenny G, 66
Ben Livingston, 55
Brian McKnight, 53
Mark Wahlberg, 51
Liza Weir, 45
Pete Wentz, 43
Bill Hayes, 97
Bill Moyers, 88
Don Reid, 77
Fred Stone, 75
Laurie Anderson, 75
Gail Davies, 74
Nicki McBrain, 70
Peter Erskine, 68
Richard Butler, 66
Beth Hall, 64
Jeff Garlin, 60
Claus Moreno, 52
Chad Allen, 48
P-Nut, 48
Navi Pawat, 48
Seb Lefebvre, 45
Chelsey Crisp, 39
Harrison Mills, 33
DJ Mustard, 32
Sophie Lowe, 32
Hank Greenspan, 12
Suze Orman, 71
Zydrunas Ilgauskas, 47
Joseph Couch Adams (June 5, 1819-January 21, 1892)
[Francisco] Pancho Villa (June 5 1878-July 20, 1923)
John Maynard Keynes (June 5, 1883-April 21, 1946)
Anastasia Nikolaevna (June 18, 1901-July 17, 1918)
Lancelot Warl ?
Sunday, June 5, 2022
Saturday, June 4, 2022
Schizophrenia Part II
Medication
Risperidone (trade name Risperdal) is a common atypical antipsychotic medication.
The first-line treatment for schizophrenia is an antipsychotic. The first-generation antipsychotics, now called typical antipsychotics, are dopamine antagonists that block D2 receptors, and affect the neurotransmission of dopamine. Those brought out later, the second-generation antipsychotics known as atypical antipsychotics, can also have effect on another neurotransmitter, serotonin. Antipsychotics can reduce the symptoms of anxiety within hours of their use but for other symptoms they may take several days or weeks to reach their full effect. They have little effect on negative and cognitive symptoms, which may be helped by additional psychotherapies and medications. There is no single antipsychotic suitable for first-line treatment for everyone, as responses and tolerances vary between people. Stopping medication may be considered after a single psychotic episode where there has been a full recovery with no symptoms for twelve months. Repeated relapses worsen the long-term outlook and the risk of relapse following a second episode is high, and long-term treatment is usually recommended.
Tobacco smoking increases the metabolism of some antipsychotics, by strongly activitating CYP1A2, the enzyme that breaks them down, and a significant difference is found in these levels between smokers and non-smokers. It is recommended that the dosage for those smokers on clozapine be increased by 50%, and for those on olanzapine by 30%. The result of stopping smoking can lead to an increased concentration of the antipsychotic that may result in toxicity, so that monitoring of effects would need to take place with a view to decreasing the dosage; many symptoms may be noticeably worsened, and extreme fatigue, and seizures are also possible with a risk of relapse. Likewise those who resume smoking may need their dosages adjusted accordingly. The altering effects are due to compounds in tobacco smoke and not to nicotine; the use of nicotine replacement therapy therefore has the equivalent effect of stopping smoking and monitoring would still be needed.
About 30 to 50 percent of people with schizophrenia fail to accept that they have an illness or comply with their recommended treatment. For those who are unwilling or unable to take medication regularly, long-acting injections of antipsychotics may be used, which reduce the risk of relapse to a greater degree than oral medications. When used in combination with psychosocial interventions, they may improve long-term adherence to treatment.
Research findings suggested that other neurotransmission systems, including serotonin, glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine, were implicated in the development of schizophrenia, and that a more inclusive medication was needed. A new first-in-class antipsychotic that targets multiple neurotransmitter systems called lumateperone (ITI-007), was trialed and approved by the FDA in December 2019 for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. Lumateperone is a small molecule agent that shows improved safety, and tolerance. It interacts with dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate in a complex, uniquely selective manner, and is seen to improve negative and positive symptoms, and social functioning. Lumateperone was also found to reduce potential metabolic dysfunction, have lower rates of movement disorders, and have lower cardiovascular side effects such as a fast heart rate.
Side effects
Typical antipsychotics are associated with a higher rate of movement disorders including akathisia. Some atypicals are associated with considerable weight gain, diabetes and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Risperidone (atypical) has a similar rate of extrapyramidal symptoms to haloperidol (typical). A rare but potentially lethal condition of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) has been associated with the use of antipsychotics. Through its early recognition, and timely intervention rates have declined. However, an awareness of the syndrome is advised to enable intervention. Another less rare condition of tardive dyskinesia can occur due to long-term use of antipsychotics, developing after many months or years of use. It is more often reported with use of typical antipsychotics.
Clozapine is associated with side effects that include weight gain, tiredness, and hypersalivation. More serious adverse effects include seizures, NMS, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis (lowered white blood cell count) and its use needs careful monitoring. Studies have found that antipsychotic treatment following NMS and neutropenia may sometimes be successfully rechallenged (restarted) with clozapine.
Clozapine is also associated with thromboembolism (including pulmonary embolism), myocarditis, and cardiomyopathy. A systematic review of clozapine-associated pulmonary embolism indicates that this adverse effect can often be fatal, and that it has an early onset, and is dose-dependent. The findings advised the consideration of using a prevention therapy for venous thromboembolism after starting treatment with clozapine, and continuing this for six months. Constipation is three times more likely to occur with the use of clozapine, and severe cases can lead to ileus and bowel ischemia resulting in many fatalities.
However, the risk of serious adverse effects from clozapine is low, and there are the beneficial effects to be gained of a reduced risk of suicide, and aggression. Typical antipsychotics and atypical risperidone can have a side effect of sexual dysfunction. Clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine are associated with beneficial effects on sexual functioning helped by various psychotherapies. Unwanted side effects cause people to stop treatment, resulting in relapses.
Treatment resistant schizophrenia
About half of those with schizophrenia will respond favorably to antipsychotics, and have a good return of functioning. However, positive symptoms persist in up to a third of people. Following two trials of different antipsychotics over six weeks, that also prove ineffective, they will be classed as having treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS), and clozapine will be offered. Clozapine is of benefit to around half of this group although it has the potentially serious side effect of agranulocytosis (lowered white blood cell count) in less than 4% of people. Between 12 and 20 per cent will not respond to clozapine and this group is said to have ultra treatment resistant schizophrenia. ECT may be offered to treat TRS as an add-on therapy, and is shown to sometimes be of benefit. A review concluded that this use only has an effect on medium-term TRS and that there is not enough evidence to support its use other than for this group.
TRS is often accompanied by a low quality of life, and greater social dysfunction. TRS may be the result of inadequate rather than inefficient treatment; it also may be a false label due to medication not being taken regularly, or at all. About 16 per cent of people who had initially been responsive to treatment later develop resistance. This could relate to the length of time on APs, with treatment becoming less responsive. This finding also supports the involvement of dopamine in the development of schizophrenia. Studies suggest that TRS may be a more heritable form.
TRS may be evident from first episode psychosis, or from a relapse. It can vary in its intensity and response to other therapies. This variation is seen to possibly indicate an underlying neurobiology such as dopamine supersensitivity (DSS), glutamate or serotonin dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress. Studies have found that dopamine supersensitivity is found in up to 70% of those with TRS. The variation has led to the suggestion that treatment responsive and treatment resistant schizophrenia be considered as two different subtypes. It is further suggested that if the subtypes could be distinguished at an early stage significant implications could follow for treatment considerations, and for research. Neuroimaging studies have found a significant decrease in the volume of grey matter in those with TRS with no such change seen in those who are treatment responsive. In those with ultra treatment resistance the decrease in grey matter volume was larger.
A link has been made between the gut microbiota and the development of TRS. The most prevalent cause put forward for TRS is that of mutation in the genes responsible for drug effectiveness. These include liver enzyme genes that control the availability of a drug to brain targets, and genes responsible for the structure and function of these targets. In the colon the bacteria encode a hundred times more genes than exist in the human genome. Only a fraction of ingested drugs reach the colon, having been already exposed to small intestinal bacteria, and absorbed in the portal circulation. This small fraction is then subject to the metabolic action of many communities of bacteria. Activation of the drug depends on the composition and enzymes of the bacteria and of the specifics of the drug, and therefore a great deal of individual variation can affect both the usefulness of the drug and its tolerability. It is suggested that parenteral administration of antipsychotics would bypass the gut and be more successful in overcoming TRS. The composition of gut microbiota is variable between individuals, but they are seen to remain stable. However, phyla can change in response to many factors including aging, diet, substance use, and medications – especially antibiotics, laxatives, and antipsychotics. In FEP, schizophrenia has been linked to significant changes in the gut microbiota that can predict response to treatment.
Psychosocial interventions
A number of psychosocial interventions that include several types of psychotherapy may be useful in the treatment of schizophrenia such as: family therapy, group therapy, cognitive remediation therapy (CRT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and metacognitive training. Skills training, and help with substance use, and weight management – often needed as a side effect of an antipsychotic – are also offered. In the US, interventions for first episode psychosis have been brought together in an overall approach known as coordinated speciality care (CSC) and also includes support for education. In the UK care across all phases is a similar approach that covers many of the treatment guidelines recommended. The aim is to reduce the number of relapses and stays in hospital.
Other support services for education, employment, and housing are usually offered. For people with severe schizophrenia, and discharged from a stay in hospital, these services are often brought together in an integrated approach to offer support in the community away from the hospital setting. In addition to medicine management, housing, and finances, assistance is given for more routine matters such as help with shopping and using public transport. This approach is known as assertive community treatment (ACT) and has been shown to achieve positive results in symptoms, social functioning and quality of life. Another more intense approach is known as intensive care management (ICM). ICM is a stage further than ACT and emphasizes support of high intensity in smaller caseloads, (less than twenty). This approach is to provide long-term care in the community. Studies show that ICM improves many of the relevant outcomes including social functioning.
Some studies have shown little evidence for the effectiveness of CBT in either reducing symptoms or preventing relapse. However, other studies have found that CBT does improve overall psychotic symptoms (when in use with medication) and it has been recommended in Canada, but has been seen to have no effect on social function, relapse, or quality of life. In the UK it is recommended as an add-on therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia; one study questions its use in treatment resistant schizophrenia. Arts therapies are seen to improve negative symptoms in some people, and are recommended by NICE in the UK. This approach is criticized as having not been well-researched, and arts therapies are not recommended in Australian guidelines for example. Peer support, in which people with personal experience of schizophrenia, provide help to each other, is of unclear benefit.
Other
Exercise including aerobic exercise has been shown to improve positive and negative symptoms, cognition, working memory, and improve quality of life. Exercise has also been shown to increase the volume of the hippocampus in those with schizophrenia. A decrease in hippocampal volume is one of the factors linked to the development of the disease. However, there still remains the problem of increasing motivation for, and maintaining participation in physical activity. Supervised sessions are recommended. In the UK healthy eating advice is offered alongside exercise programs.
An inadequate diet is often found in schizophrenia, and associated vitamin deficiencies including those of folate, and vitamin D are linked to the risk factors for the development of schizophrenia and for early death including heart disease. Those with schizophrenia possibly have the worst diet of all the mental disorders. Lower levels of folate and vitamin D have been noted as significantly lower in first episode psychosis. The use of supplemental folate is recommended. A zinc deficiency has also been noted. Vitamin B12 is also often deficient and this is linked to worse symptoms. Supplementation with B vitamins has been shown to significantly improve symptoms, and to put in reverse some of the cognitive deficits. It is also suggested that the noted dysfunction in gut microbiota might benefit from the use of probiotics.
Violence
Most people with schizophrenia are not aggressive, and are more likely to be victims of violence rather than perpetrators. Schizophrenic people are commonly exploited and victimized by violent crime as part of a broader dynamic of social exclusion. People diagnosed with schizophrenia are also subject to forced drug injections, seclusion, and restraint at high rates.
The risk of violence by schizophrenic people is small. There are minor subgroups where the risk is high. This risk is usually associated with a comorbid disorder such as a substance use disorder – in particular alcohol, or with antisocial personality disorder. Substance use disorder is strongly linked, and other risk factors are linked to deficits in cognition and social cognition including facial perception and insight that are in part included in theory of mind impairments. Poor cognitive functioning, decision-making, and facial perception may contribute to making a wrong judgment of a situation that could result in an inappropriate response such as violence. These associated risk factors are also present in antisocial personality disorder which when present as a comorbid disorder greatly increases the risk of violence.
A review in 2012 showed that 6 percent of people convicted of homicide in Western countries had been diagnosed as schizophrenic. Another wider review put the figure at between 5 and 20 percent. People convicted of homicide were found more likely to have committed it during first episode psychosis, and this accounted for 38.5 percent (of the 5 to 20 percent of perpetrators who were diagnosed schizophrenic, so 2 to 7.7 percent of perpetrators total). The association between schizophrenia and violence is complex. Homicide is linked with young age, male sex, a history of violence, and a stressful event in the preceding year. Clinical risk factors are severe untreated psychotic symptoms – untreated due to either not taking medication or to the condition being treatment resistant. A comorbid substance use disorder or an antisocial personality disorder increases the risk for homicidal behaviour by 8-fold, in contrast to the 2-fold risk in those without the comorbid disorders. Rates of homicide linked to psychosis are similar to those linked to substance misuse, and parallel the overall rate in a region. What role schizophrenia has on violence independent of substance misuse is controversial, but certain aspects of individual histories or mental states may be factors.
Hostility is anger felt and directed at a person or group and has related dimensions of impulsiveness and aggression. When this impulsive aggression is evident in schizophrenia neuroimaging has suggested the malfunctioning of a neural circuit that modulates hostile thoughts and behaviors that are linked with negative emotions in social interactions. This circuit includes the amygdala, striatum, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and hippocampus. Hostility has been reported during acute psychosis, and following hospital discharge. There is a known association between low cholesterol levels, and impulsivity, and violence. A review finds that people with schizophrenia, and lower cholesterol levels are four times more likely to instigate violent acts. This association is also linked to the increased number of suicides in schizophrenia. It is suggested that cholesterol levels could serve as a biomarker for violent and suicidal tendencies.
A review found that just under 10 percent of those with schizophrenia showed violent behaviour compared to 1.6 percent of the general population. An excessive risk of violence is associated with drugs or alcohol and increases the risk by as much as 4-fold. Violence often leads to imprisonment. Clozapine is an effective medication that can be used in penal settings such as prisons. However, a condition of benign ethnic neutropenia in many African-Americans excludes them from the use of clozapine, the most effective medication. Cognitive deficits are recognized as playing an important part in the origin and maintenance of aggression, and cognitive remediation therapy may therefore help to prevent the risk of violence in schizophrenia.
Prognosis
Schizophrenia has great human and economic costs. It results in a decreased life expectancy of 20 years. This is primarily because of its association with obesity, poor diet, a sedentary lifestyle, and smoking, with an increased rate of suicide playing a lesser role. Side effects of antipsychotics may also increase the risk. These differences in life expectancy increased between the 1970s and 1990s. An Australian study puts the rate of early death at 25 years, and views the main cause to be related to heart disease.
Almost 40% of those with schizophrenia die from complications of cardiovascular disease which is seen to be increasingly associated. An underlying factor of sudden cardiac death may be Brugada syndrome (BrS) – BrS mutations that overlap with those linked with schizophrenia are the calcium channel mutations. BrS may also be drug-induced from certain antipsychotics and antidepressants. Primary polydipsia, or excessive fluid intake, is relatively common in people with chronic schizophrenia. This may lead to hyponatremia which can be life-threatening. Antipsychotics can lead to a dry mouth, but there are several other factors that may contribute to the disorder; it may reduce life expectancy by 13 per cent. Barriers to improving the mortality rate in schizophrenia are poverty, overlooking the symptoms of other illnesses, stress, stigma, and medication side effects.
Schizophrenia is a major cause of disability. In 2016, it was classed as the 12th most disabling condition. Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia have ongoing disability with relapses and 16.7 million people globally are deemed to have moderate or severe disability from the condition. Some people do recover completely and others function well in society. Most people with schizophrenia live independently with community support. About 85% are unemployed. In people with a first episode of psychosis in schizophrenia a good long-term outcome occurs in 31%, an intermediate outcome in 42% and a poor outcome in 31%. Males are affected more often than females, and have a worse outcome; some reports find there is no difference in prevalence. Outcomes for schizophrenia appear better in the developing than the developed world. These conclusions have been questioned. Social problems, such as long-term unemployment, poverty, homelessness, exploitation, stigmatization and victimization are common consequences, and lead to social exclusion.
There is a higher than average suicide rate associated with schizophrenia estimated at around 5% to 6%, most often occurring in the period following onset or first hospital admission. Several times more (20 to 40%) attempt suicide at least once. There are a variety of risk factors, including male gender, depression, a high IQ, heavy smoking, and substance use. Repeated relapse is linked to an increased risk of suicidal behavior. The use of clozapine can reduce the risk of suicide and aggression.
A strong association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking has been shown in worldwide studies. Smoking is especially high in those diagnosed with schizophrenia, with estimates ranging from 80 to 90% being regular smokers, as compared to 20% of the general population. Those who smoke tend to smoke heavily, and additionally smoke cigarettes with high nicotine content. Some propose that this is in an effort to improve symptoms. Among people with schizophrenia use of cannabis is also common.
Schizophrenia leads to an increased risk of dementia.
Women with schizophrenia are half as likely to attend breast cancer screening compared to the general population. This is seen as one of the factors leading to shorter life expectancy.
Epidemiology
In 2017, the Global Burden of Disease Study estimated there were 1.1 million new cases, and in 2019 the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a total of 20 million cases globally. Schizophrenia affects around 0.3–0.7% of people at some point in their life. It occurs 1.4 times more frequently in males than females and typically appears earlier in men – the peak ages of onset are 25 years for males and 27 years for females. Onset in childhood, before the age of 13 can sometimes occur. Other reviews find no difference in the prevalence of schizophrenia between the sexes. A later onset can occur between the ages of 40 and 60, known as late onset, and also after 60 known as very late onset.
Worldwide, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder. The frequency of schizophrenia varies across the world, within countries, and at the local and neighborhood level. This variation has been estimated to be fivefold. It causes approximately one percent of worldwide disability adjusted life years and resulted in 17,000 deaths in 2015.
In 2000, WHO found the percentage of people affected and the number of new cases that develop each year is roughly similar around the world, with age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranging from 343 in Africa to 544 in Japan and Oceania for men, and from 378 in Africa to 527 in Southeastern Europe for women. About 1.1% of adults have schizophrenia in the United States. However, in areas of conflict this figure can rise to between 4.0 and 6.5%.
History
Accounts of a schizophrenia-like syndrome are rare in records before the 19th century. The earliest cases detailed were reported in 1797, and 1809. Dementia praecox, meaning premature dementia was used by German psychiatrist Heinrich Schüle in 1886, and then in 1891 by Arnold Pick in a case report of hebephrenia. In 1893 Emil Kraepelin used the term in making a distinction, known as the Kraepelinian dichotomy, between the two psychoses – dementia praecox, and manic depression (now called bipolar disorder). Kraepelin believed that dementia praecox was probably caused by a systemic disease that affected many organs and nerves, affecting the brain after puberty in a final decisive cascade. It was thought to be an early form of dementia, a degenerative disease. When it became evident that the disorder was not degenerative it was renamed schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler in 1908.
The word schizophrenia translates as "splitting of the mind" and is Modern Latin from the Greek words schizein (σχίζειν, "to split") and phrēn, (φρήν, "mind") Its use was intended to describe the separation of function between personality, thinking, memory, and perception.
The term schizophrenia used to be associated with split personality by the general population but that usage went into decline when split personality became known as a separate disorder, first as multiple personality disorder, and later as dissociative identity disorder. In 2002 in Japan the name was changed to integration disorder, and in 2012 in South Korea, the name was changed to attunement disorder.
In the early 20th century, the psychiatrist Kurt Schneider listed the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia into two groups of hallucinations, and delusions. The hallucinations were listed as specific to auditory, and the delusional included thought disorders. These were seen as the symptoms of first-rank importance and were termed first-rank symptoms. Whilst these were also sometimes seen to be relevant to the psychosis in manic-depression, they were highly suggestive of schizophrenia and typically referred to as first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia. The most common first-rank symptom was found to belong to thought disorders. In 2013 the first-rank symptoms were excluded from the DSM-5 criteria. First-rank symptoms are seen to be of limited use in detecting schizophrenia but may be of help in differential diagnosis.
Before the 1960s, doctors in America primarily diagnosed nonviolent petty criminals and women with schizophrenia, categorizing the latter as ill for not performing their duties within patriarchy as wives and mothers. Official descriptions emphasized the "calm" nature of such persons. In the mid-to-late 1960s, psychiatrists began diagnosing black men as schizophrenic at much higher rates, often citing their civil rights and Black Power activism as delusions, and categorizing them as "hostile and aggressive."
From the 1960s until 1989, psychiatrists in the USSR and Eastern Bloc diagnosed thousands of people with sluggish schizophrenia, based on "the assumption that symptoms would later appear," because the removal of legal rights from disabled people made it a convenient way to confine political dissidents. The sluggish schizophrenia diagnosis has been discredited and internationally condemned.
Psychiatrists committed psychosurgery on many of the first people they diagnosed as schizophrenic. These were notably frontal lobotomies carried out from the 1930s until the 1970s in the United States, and until the 1980s in France, involving either the removal of brain tissue from different regions or the severing of pathways, now widely recognized as a grave human rights abuse. In the 1930s a number of shock treatments were introduced which induced seizures (convulsions) or comas. Insulin shock therapy involved the injecting of large doses of insulin in order to induce comas, which in turn produced hypoglycemia and convulsions. The use of electricity to induce seizures was developed, and in use as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) by 1938. Stereotactic surgeries were developed in the 1940s. In the mid-1950s scientists developed and introduced the first typical antipsychotic, chlorpromazine. In the 1970s the first atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, was introduced followed by the introduction of others.
In the early 1970s in the US, the diagnostic model used for schizophrenia was broad and clinically based using DSM II. It had been noted that schizophrenia was diagnosed far more in the US than in Europe which had been using the ICD-9 criteria. The US model was criticized for failing to demarcate clearly those people with a mental illness, and those without. In 1980 DSM III was published and showed a shift in focus from the clinically based biopsychosocial model to a reason-based medical model. DSM IV showed an increased focus to an evidence-based medical model.
Subtypes of schizophrenia classified as paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual type were difficult to distinguish between and are no longer recognized as separate conditions by DSM-5 (2013) or ICD-11.
Society and culture
John Nash, an American mathematician and joint recipient of the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, who had schizophrenia. His life was the subject of the 1998 book, A Beautiful Mind by Sylvia Nasar.
In 2002, the term for schizophrenia in Japan was changed from seishin-bunretsu-byō (精神分裂病, lit. "mind-split disease") to tōgō-shitchō-shō (統合失調症, lit. "integration-dysregulation syndrome") to reduce stigma. The new name also interpreted as "integration disorder" was inspired by the biopsychosocial model; it increased the percentage of people who were informed of the diagnosis from 37 to 70% over three years. A similar change was made in South Korea in 2012 to attunement disorder. A professor of psychiatry, Jim van Os, has proposed changing the English term to psychosis spectrum syndrome. In 2013 with the reviewed DSM-5, the DSM-5 committee was in favor of giving a new name to schizophrenia but they referred this to WHO.
In the United States, the cost of schizophrenia – including direct costs (outpatient, inpatient, drugs, and long-term care) and non-healthcare costs (law enforcement, reduced workplace productivity, and unemployment) – was estimated to be $62.7 billion in 2002. In the UK the cost in 2016 was put at £11.8 billion per year with a third of that figure directly attributable to the cost of hospital and social care, and treatment.
The book A Beautiful Mind chronicled the life of John Forbes Nash who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia and went on to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. This was later made into the film with the same name. An earlier documentary was made with the title A Brilliant Madness.
In 1964 a lengthy case study of three males diagnosed with schizophrenia who each had the delusional belief that they were Jesus Christ was published as a book. This has the title of The Three Christs of Ypsilanti, and a film with the title Three Christs was released in 2020. Such religious delusions are a fairly common feature in psychoses including schizophrenia.
Media coverage relating to violent acts by people with schizophrenia reinforces public perception of an association between schizophrenia and violence. Such sensationalist reporting stigmatizes schizophrenia more than any other mental illness. In the UK guidelines are given for the reporting of different conditions. Its campaigns have shown a reduction in negative reporting.
In contemporary films, schizophrenics are highly likely to be portrayed as a danger to others as opposed to a danger to themselves, though the opposite is true.
Research directions
Research into schizophrenia has used animal models, in particular rats, to evaluate different aspects of its development and pathology.
A 2015 Cochrane review found unclear evidence of benefit from brain stimulation techniques to treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, in particular auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs). Most studies focus on transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCM), and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Techniques based on focused ultrasound for deep brain stimulation could provide insight for the treatment of AVHs.
An active area of research as of 2020 is the study of potential biomarkers that would help in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia. Possible biomarkers include markers of inflammation, neuroimaging, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and speech analysis. Some inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein are useful in detecting levels of inflammation implicated in some psychiatric disorders but they are not disorder-specific. Other inflammatory cytokines are found to be elevated in first episode psychosis and acute relapse that are normalized after treatment with antipsychotics, and these may be considered as state markers. Deficits in sleep spindles in schizophrenia may serve as a marker of an impaired thalamocortical circuit, and a mechanism for memory impairment. MicroRNAs are highly influential in early neuronal development, and their disruption is implicated in several CNS disorders; circulating microRNAs (cimiRNAs) are found in body fluids such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and changes in their levels are seen to relate to changes in microRNA levels in specific regions of brain tissue. These studies suggest that cimiRNAs have the potential to be early and accurate biomarkers in a number of disorders including schizophrenia.
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